Fields examined include, but are not limited to, biomedicine, biomedical informatics, business, communications, computer science, ecology, law, and library and information science. Many researchers have studied references in scholarly journal articles. Examples of other studies include, but are not limited to, examinations of print and online bibliographies of Internet pages, undergraduate student papers, conference papers, online public access catalogs (OPACs), and MEDLINE citations. Koehler produced three now-classic longitudinal studies of a sample of web pages and Bar-Ilan and Peritz examined informatics web pages. The REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREĪ number of studies exist of resource inaccessibility at cited URLs, known variously as URL decay or link rot. Nor do they disappear the very moment they are uttered or broadcast. Koehler believes that because of these characteristics, “web documents are not the same thing as published and immutable works. Additional resources may be hosted behind members-only interfaces, where they may be impossible or expensive to obtain. Other Internet resources may still exist, but their addresses-uniform resource locators (URLs)-may have changed, rendering cited URLs obsolete. Locating cited Internet-based resources can be difficult because the original documents may have been removed from the web or their content may have been revised or altered.
Researchers use references to find original or additional sources of information. Citation analysis is used to study trends in a particular field.
Writers use references to credit other authors' ideas.
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